托福听力可替换的同义词汇

国内考生常用的表达

更得分的表达方式

名词

1

things that one tries hard to do

one's undertakings/ one's commitments

2

The fact is that…

The reality is that…

3

joy

happiness/ delight/ enjoyment

4

sadness

sorrow/ grief

5

danger

hazard/ peril (后面这个词语气很强，危险程度非同一般) [派生] dangerous；hazardous

6

education

≈schooling （指学校教育，家庭教育则用upbringing/ parenting）[区分]家庭教育的两个词upbringing是从孩子的角度说的，比如children's upbringing；而parenting是从家长的角度来说，比如sensible parenting.

7

advertisement/ advertising

如果你写过关于广告的题目，就一定体会过不停轮换使用advertisement/ advertising有多郁闷。其实主体段论证中完全可以把广告类细化，比如commercials（电视或者互联网上的广告），flyers（传单广告）billboards（大幅的广告牌）或者non-profit advertisements=public-interest advertisements （公益广告）

8

car

Automobile

9

economic crisis

economic meltdown（很接近）/recession（这个一般仅仅还是衰退）/the Great Depression（这个则是特指1929年开始的那次了）

10

famous people

celebrities （单数为celebrity）

11

human beings（备考生使用过多）

humanity（注意这个词的单数指人类，复数指人文学科）/the human race

12

wealth

fortune(s) （fortune作财富的意思时可以加复数）

13

[相关] rich

wealthy/ affluent (adj.)

14

skill

≈technique(注意这个词的正确解释是技能或者方法，而不是technology科技)

15

[派生] skilled

adept/ adroit (adj.)

16

method

methodology (国外学术写作中超级常用的词，基本就是method的故作高深版）

17

field

sphere/ domain/ arena

18

understanding of

≈ grasp of/ command of

19

choice

Option

20

cooperation

≈collaboration

21

basic structure in a city or a country

Infrastructure 

22

tiredness for a long time

Fatigue

23

is a must of

is a prerequisite for （是……的必备先决条件）

24

the Internet

≈the information highway(一篇考生作文里Internet被使用十几次是常事儿)

25

honesty

≈integrity

26

strong belief

faith (in)

27

aim

Intention

28

worries

anxieties (是的，这两个词的确都可以加复数）

29

influence

impact/ repercussion/ implication

30

influence on each other

mutual influence（类似的表达还有mutual respect, mutual trust和mutual understanding/ interaction between A and B/ interplay between A and B

31

many different kinds of…

a variety of…/ a wide array of…/ a wide range of…

32

wrong ideas held by many people

Misconceptions

33

fame

prestige/ sterling reputation

34

range

≈spectrum

35

sense

≈ recognition

36

part

component （这个词不仅指零件，在学术写作中也经常指“部分”）

37

wise

[相关] sensible (adj.)

38

gap

Disparity

39

a system for a particular purpose

≈ a mechanism for…

40

a solution to sth.

a remedy for sth. （生活中经常指一种病的治疗方法，但学术写作中经常用来指某种问题的解决方法，注意搭配的介词不同）

41

bad students

≈ unruly students/ disruptive students

42

bad behavior

unethical behavior/ immoral behavior

43

organizations that help poor people

charities/ charitable organizations

44

difference

Distinction

45

[派生] be different from

be distinct from (adj.)

46

person

Individual

47

personality

≈ disposition

48

businesses

enterprises（这里指企业）

49

prices that are too high

exorbitant prices

50

the rate of…

the incidence of…（后面一般跟坏事儿，比如unemployment/ crime/ a disease）

51

intense enthusiasm

zeal/ passion

52

cultural globalization（有过多人使用这个词）

global cultural homogenization

53

a thing that is necessary

a necessity

54

a thing that is new and interesting

a novelty

55

a thing that is rare

a rarity

56

things that people are not sure about

Uncertainties

57

a world language

a universal language

58

friends

Companions

59

relaxation

≈ recreation

60

self-respect

≈ self-esteem and dignity

61

respect sb./ sth.

hold sb./ sth. in high regard

62

[反义] look down on…

treat … with contempt = despise (v.)

63

self-control

self-discipline

64

criminal

Convict

65

prisoner

Inmate

66

drinks

≈ alcoholic beverages

67

people who walk on the street

Pedestrians

68

old generations in history

Ancestors

69

a person who benefits from sth.

a beneficiary of sth.

70

a disease that spreads quickly

an epidemic （注意这个词虽然是-ic结尾，却不是形容词）

71

a very unpleasant way of life

Misery adj-> miserable

72

a task that requires lots of effort

an arduous task

73

emotion

≈ sentiment

74

enemy

≈ opponent/ foe

75

narrow minds

insular minds （狭隘的头脑或者观念）

76

a way to do sth.

an approach to doing sth./ an avenue towards sth.

77

hobby

≈ pastime/ diversion

78

progress

progression （经常指抽象的进步，比如写关于society/ career/ technology的话题）

79

failure

setback（注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格）

80

importance

significance（当你用了一次importance之后，第二次不妨用这个）

81

duty

obligation（用于比较重要的责任）

82

difficulty

hindrance/ impediment/ hurdles

83

pressure from your classmates

peer pressure

84

citizens who can work

labor force/ workforce（都是总体概念，而且注意后面这个词的标准写法中间没有空格）

85

problems or diseases that exist for a long time

persistent problems/ chronic diseases

86

a life without regular exercise

a sedentary lifestyle

87

result

consequence （表示消极的结果更多一些）

88

thoughts

≈ considerations

89

the lack of knowledge

ignorance （注意在地道英文里，这个词经常并不表示“忽视”，而是表示“无知”）

90

harm (n.)

adverse effect

91

harm (vt.)

damage destroy/ ruin （这两个词比damage程度更重）spoil（后面跟the cityscape/ scenery/ environment）undermine （后面跟抽象概念，比如stability/ social order/ harmony）jeopardize （后面跟抽象概念，比如one's future/ one's career）tarnish （后面跟one's reputation/ image）sap/ dampen （后面跟one's enthusiasm/ interest/ confidence）

92

[派生] harmful

detrimental (adj.)

93

[派生] be harmful to

≈ pose a threat to

94

bad luck

Misfortune

95

trouble

adversity/ dilemma/ predicament/ hardship

96

crime

offense/ criminal act

97

youth crime

≈ juvenile delinquency

98

criminal

offender/ ≈ culprit/ ≈ perpetrator

99

serious crime

heinous crime/ felony

100

a minor crime

a misdemeanor

101

shortage (of)

scarcity (of)/ dearth (of)

102

the only one

an exception

103

places where animals live

Habitat

形容词

104

worrying

≈ disturbing

105

very popular

prevalent/ ubiquitous

106

TRUE

genuine (truly a genuinely)

107

deep

profound （深刻的，后面经常跟wisdom/ truths/ understanding/ impact/ thoughts）

108

strong

powerful/ mighty

109

weak

≈ vulnerable

110

hard-working

industrious（注意不是industrial，而diligent那个词在美语中是个挺大的词）

111

very disappointing

Lamentable可悲的/ pathetic

112

be good (for)

be beneficial (to) = be in the best interests (of)

113

be not as good as

be inferior to

114

be better than

be superior to

115

uninteresting

mundane （注意这个词其实再美国很多时候并不是“世俗的”意思/humdrum

116

many

numerous（注意要跟可数名词）

117

complicated

Intricate

118

strange

odd/ bizarre/ eccentric（单weird有点过于口语化了）

119

cannot be turned back

be irreversible

120

produce useful results

Productive

121

practical

≈ realistic

122

mature

sophisticated （这个词指人的时候意思是思维成熟老练的）

123

selfish

self-centered/ materialistic/ego-centric

124

proud （贬义）

Conceited

125

suitable

Fitting

126

most suitable

Optimal

127

lonely

isolated/ alienated

128

alone

Solitary

129

be easily influenced by sth.

be susceptible to sth. （一般是坏事情，比如a disease/ attacks）

130

is better than

is superior to

131

not as good as…

is inferior to

132

be the same

be identical/ be homogenous/ be uniform（后面两个词比较正式，一般是说cultural globalization的时候常用，现在理解为什么小幅的名词叫school uniforms了吧，就是让大家都看起来一样的衣服）

133

interesting

≈ stimulating

134

boring

≈ monotonous/ repetitive

135

useless

Redundant

136

smart

Intelligent

137

famous

Renowned

138

positive

≈ desirable/ encouraging

139

happy

Delighted

140

enjoyable

Delightful

141

can be used

be available

142

hard to understand

bewildering/ baffling/ confusing

143

(laws/ rules/ people) not strict

Lenient

144

healthy

wholesome（注意说人的健康还是要用healthy，但是如果说事物有益健康，就可以用wholesome）

145

good for the envrionment

eco-friendly（比如Biking is far more eco-friendly than driving their SUVs.）

146

nervous/ anxious

≈ apprehensive

147

doubt sth.

be skeptical about sth.

148

fair

≈ justified

149

unfair

≈ unwarranted/ unjustifiable

150

huge

enormous/ massive/ vast/ colossal

151

small

tiny/ miniscule（后面一般跟抽象名词）

152

have many different abilities

be versatile/ be well-rounded

153

be familiar with

be well-acquainted with

154

very successful/ admirable

Distinguished

155

proper

Appropriate 

156

typical

quintessential （这个语气非常强）

157

exact

precise/ ≈ accurate

158

ugly

Unsightly

159

poor-quality

substandard (housing/ accommodation/ work/ goods/ machines)

160

the present…

the current…/ the existing…（比如the current financial crisis/ the existing environmental problems)

161

outdated

antiquated/ obsolete

162

highly-respected

Esteemed

163

complete(adj.)/ whole

Entire

164

spend a lot of money

lead an extravagant/ a lavish life

165

open

enlightened/ progressive （开明的，逐步的，经常用来形容govern-ment 或者society）

166

sth. must be carried out

sth. is compulsory/ sth. is mandatory

167

with long history

time-honored（后面经常跟抽象名词，比如tradition/ practice/ methods/ heritage）

168

continuing forever

Perpetual

169

important

significant   essential   vital(这三个词的重要性依次递增)

170

very attractive

very appealing/ fascinating/ captivating

171

very careful

Cautious

172

be very interested in

be absorbed in/ be engrossed in

173

be qualified for

be eligible for

174

disappointing

Frustrating

175

wrong

Erroneous

176

long and a bit annoying

Lengthy

177

very difficult

daunting/ formidable

178

being spread in uncontrolled way

rampant （后面经常跟负面现象，比如crime, pollution 或者discrimination）

179

cruel

≈ inhumane/ merciless

180

fat

overweight/ obese（后面这个已经胖出病了）

181

having wrong opinions

skewed/ biased （这两个词一般在IELTS媒体类话题使用，表示“有偏见的”）

182

including many things

comprehensive （综合的，全面的）

183

enough

adequate/ sufficient/ ample/ abundant（注意这四个词的语气是逐渐递增的)

184

too much

Excessive

185

very little

minimal （注意不是minimum）

186

cause bad effects

counterproductive （其实地道英文写作里这个词不见得和生产有关，只要阻止人们达到目的，都可以写它counterproductive)

187

strict

stringent （后面一般跟laws, measures或者rules）

188

urgent

pressing (problems)

189

quiet

tranquil and serene （美语中这两个词经常可以连在一起用）

动词

190

make sth. strong

strengthen/ fortify/ reinforce/ consolidate sth.

191

make sth. weak

weaken/ erode （侵蚀）

192

make sth. better

enhance/ better（很少看到国内考生用better当动词，其实在学术写作中better sth.是挺常见的表达 ）

193

make sth. worse

aggravate/ exacerbate sth.

194

control…(a negative trend)

curb…(crime/ pollution/ economic recessions)

195

stop

Cease

196

manage sth.

≈ regulate sth./oversee sth.

197

appear

emerge/ arise （后者的主语一般是抽象概念，比如debate）

198

die out

go extinct

199

fail to see

neglect/ overlook

200

set…free

release (prisoners/ stress)

201

begin

commence/ initiate (后者跟抽象概念更多，比如initiate the conflict)

202

narrow/ bridge the gap between A and B(注意这里bridge作动词）

[反义] widen the gap between A and B

203

be forced to do sth.

be compelled to do sth.

204

keep complaining about sth.

grumble about sth.

205

try hard to do sth.

≈pursue sth.(one's goal/one's career/ business interests/ maximum profit/ hegemony)

206

do sth.

≈ perform/ conduct （注意这里的perform不是“表演”而是“从事”）

207

do not do sth.

refrain from doing sth.

208

carry out

Implement

209

turn…into…

convert…to/ into…

210

decrease

decline/ dwindle（特指逐渐缓慢的减少）/ dip/ slip (后两个词用来指短促的下降)

211

make a crime

commit a crime（注意作文中不要用make a crime这样不地道的英文）

212

commit a crime again

revert to crime （这里的crime作不可数名词）

213

punish

Penalize

214

[派生]punishment

Penalty

215

spread

propagate/ disseminate （这两个词后面经常跟information/ ideas/ belief这类名词）

216

develop fast

flourish/ thrive

217

develop （这里作“培养”的意思

cultivate/ foster/ nurture（这三个词后面经常跟和教育有关的名词，比如an interest in social issues）

218

[相关]fast-developing

Burgeoning

219

accept

adopt（注意这个词不是adapt适应，而是接纳，采纳的意思）

220

build

Construct

221

gather

garner，但这个词只能用在很正式的意思，而且略有贬义，比如garner funding, garner support during the UN climate conference at Copenhagen

222

measure

gauge, 比measure稍正式一点

223

teach sth.

≈impart sth./ inculcate sth.（注意如果teach后面是人则不要替换）

224

start

initiate 多用于政府类话题

225

support

espouse，后面跟某种重要的事业，类似的还有动词champion（作动词不是的意思了）和动词sanction（它作名词则变成了“制裁”）

226

praise

≈ compliment/ extol（后面这个语气很强）

227

support

≈ buttress/ bolster

228

prove/ confirm

Verify

229

create

generate（一般是大规模的产生，比如generate employment opportunities/ generate tax revenue/ electricity) breed（一般是产生消极的东西，比如conflict/ crime/ resentment）spawn（一般是产生新事物，比如spawn inventions/ innovations）

230

use

≈ utilize/exploit

231

use…again

Recycle

232

work hard

work assiduously

233

get

≈ acquire（注意acquire/ gain knowledge比learn knowledge在地道英文中更加常见）

234

consider

contemplate/ reflect on/ ponder

235

meet

encounter，多用于政府，文化或者success这样偏大一些的话题

236

provide sth.

afford sth. （在正式英文写作中，afford经常可以表示“提供”

237

need

require（注意主语如果是人称则一般还需要使用need，但如果主语是事物，则可以改用require）

238

like sth. very much

≈ have an affinity for sth./ have a strong attachment to sth.

239

be unhappy about

complain about (v.)/ be discontended with (adj.)

240

ask for

Request

241

raise

elevate，就是正式版的raise，但只是“提高”而不能表示抚养小孩的意思

242

look like sth.

resemble sth.

243

treat…poorly

mistreat…/ abuse…

244

consider sth. valuable

value sth./ treasure sth./ cherish sth.

245

keep

≈ maintain/ preserve（这个词后面经常跟 traditions/ cultural heritage/ wild animals/ natural resources等）

246

mix… together

blend/ combine/ synthesize

247

solve

tackle/ combat/ address

248

notice

Discern

249

understand… to mean…/ to be…

interpret…as…（很多时候这个词并不是口译，而是把…理解为……）

250

choose sth./ choose to do sth.

opt for sth./ opt to do sth.

251

achieve

fulfill (one's dream/ one's goal/ one's potential/ one's obligation/ one's promise/ one's task)

252

appear in large numbers

sprout up/ mushroom

253

make… less serious

relieve/ ease/ alleviate（作文中经常用到的搭配有relieve stress/ alleviate poverty/ ease the traffic congestion等）

254

pay…for (one's loss)

compensate…for…

255

pay…for (one's effort)

reward…for…

256

make sth. faster

accelerate sth./ speed up sth.

257

join

participate in

258

outweight

prevail over（大家应该已经注意到了，新托福议论文的题目中经常出现outweight这个词用来比较事物的重要性或者利弊，在作文中不要重复考题中出现过的特征词汇）

259

contribute to

promote/ facilitate（这两个词都是及物动词，所以不需要跟to）

260

prevent the development of…

hinder/impede/ inhibit/ obstruct…