新托福写作试题赏析

 

　　READING

　　In the early twentieth century, many explorers were vying to reach the North Pole. Several subsequently claimed to have reached their objective, which has made the question of who got there first somewhat controversial. One explorer, American Robert E. Peary, made the best case for having reached the North Pole by an overland route on April 9, 1909, however, since his claim is supported by a variety of evidence.

　　When Peary returned from his trip to the Arctic, he learned that another explorer, Fredrick Cook, was claiming to have reached the North Pole the previous year. Peary submitted his evidence to the National Geographic Society, a highly respected organization. After a close examination of his records, the society concluded that Peary had reached the North Pole while Cook had not.

　　In his report, Peary stated that it took him approximately thirty-seven days to reach the North Pole from his last base camp. Many Arctic experts believe that was much too fast considering the harsh conditions Peary endured on his trek. However, in 2005, another explorer, Tom Avery, repeated Peary’s journey. His team used replicas of 1909 dogsleds and mirrored the conditions Peary faced as best as they could. Avery’s team reached the North Pole in just under thirty-seven days, which proved Peary’s claim was valid.

　　Peary himself was a skilled navigator and took many sightings as he traveled, so he was cognizant of when he reached the North Pole. He also took some photographs while there. By examining sun’s position in the sky and the length of the shadows on the ice on the dates when the photos were taken, experts at the

　　National Geographic Society determined that Peary was indeed standing at the North Pole when he took those photographs.

　　LISTENING

　　Question Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific arguments made in the reading passage. 请概括讲座内容，并说明讲座的要点是如何对阅读材料的具体主张提出异议的。

　　NOTE-TAKING

　　READING

　　Robert E Peary: First to Reach the North Pole 罗伯特·彼利：个到达北极

　　1. approval from the NGS 获得国家地理学会的认可

　　- records: under a close examination 记录：严密的审查

　　Paraphrasing Example Peary’s records were examined deliberately and approved by the National Geographic Society.

　　2. experts →37 days: too short 专家们→37天：太短了

　　- Avery repeated the journey → just under 37 days 艾弗里复制了这段旅程→差一点不到37天

　　Paraphrasing Example Experts were skeptical that Peary’s journey took only 37 days until Avery repeated it in less time.

　　3. took pictures 拍照

　　- sun’s position in the sky + length of the shadows on the ice 天空中太阳的位置+冰上面的影子长度

　　→ indeed standing at the North Pole 确实站在了北极

　　Paraphrasing Example His pictures showing the sun’s position and the length of shadows led the National Geographic Society to assert that Peary truly got himself to the North Pole.

　　WORD REMINDER

　　vie [vaɪ] 竞争 subsequently [`sʌbsɪkwəntli] 之后 objective [əb`dʒektɪv] 目标 controversial [,kɑntrə`vɜrʃl] 有争议的 overland [`oʊvər,lænd] 陆路的 submit [səb`mɪt] 提交 harsh [hɑrʃ] 严酷的 endure [ɪn`dʊr] 忍耐 trek [trek] 长途跋涉 replica [`replɪkə] 复制，反复 mirror [`mɪrər] 反映 navigator [`nævɪ,geɪtər] 导航者 sighting [`saɪtɪŋ] 景象 cognizant [ˈkɔgnɪzənt] 知道的

　　LISTENING

　　Many Experts Are Not Convinced by the Claim 这个主张未能使许多专家信服

　　1. The NGS: impartial observers X 国家地理学会：公正的监督官X

　　- examiners: P’s friends 审查员：彼利的朋友们

　　- P: big donor 彼利：重要的资助人

　　→ took only 2 days to examine the evidence 只用了2天时间审查证据

　　Paraphrasing Example Peary’s claim is invalid since examiners at the National Geographic Society were his fellows.

　　2. navigation records 导航记录

　　- P: the only member skilled in navigation → no one could confirm his figures

　　彼利：是擅长导航的成员 →没有人可以确认他的数据

　　- 37 days: too short 37天：非常短暂

　　- Avery’s journey: different from P’s 艾弗里的旅程：与彼利的旅程不同

　　- weather conditions// weights on sled loads 气候条件//雪橇负重

　　→ inaccurate test 不精确的实验

　　Paraphrasing Example His navigation records and Avery’s inaccurate ways of repeating the journey are not persuasive in upholding Peary’s argument.

　　3. camera: fit 6 diff lenses 照相机：装有6个镜头

　　- lengths of shadows vary depending on the lens 由于镜头的不同，影子的长度也有所不同

　　→ cannot trust photographic evidence 照片证据不可靠

　　Paraphrasing Example Using varying lenses on a camera could produce the effect of different shadow lengths on the ice.

　　WORD REMINDER

　　shaky [`ʃeɪki] 不可靠的 impartial [ɪm`pɑrʃl] 公平的 donor [`doʊnər] 捐款人 lone [loʊn] 独自的 school [skul] 训练 site [saɪt] 场所 confirm [kən`fɜrm] 确认 figure [`fɪgjər] 数据 duplicate [`duplɪ,keɪt] 复制 feat [fit] 功绩 flawed [flɔd] 有缺陷的 load [loʊd] 负荷 accurate [`ækjərət] 准确的 manufacture [,mænjə`fæktʃər] 制造 vary [`veri] 改变

　　SAMPLE ESSAY

　　The lecturer argues that many experts are not convinced that Robert E. Peary was the first person to successfully reach the North Pole. This directly refutes the reading passage’s claim that there are many pieces of evidence to verify the assertion.

　　First, Peary’s claim is invalid in that examiners at the National Geographic Society were his fellows. Furthermore, he made a lot of donations to the society. Thus, the inspectors rushed through his records in only two days before determining that Peary was the first explorer at the North Pole. This contradicts the reading passage’s claim that Peary’s records were examined deliberately and approved by the society.

　　Next, the lecturer contends that Peary’s navigation records are not persuasive in upholding his argument. As he was the only skilled member in the expedition, there was no one to corroborate his presence at the North Pole. Moreover, different weather conditions and the weight of the sled loads make Avery’s repeated journey not exactly the same as Peary’s expedition. This casts doubt on the reading passage’s claim that experts were skeptical that Peary’s journey took only 37 days until Avery repeated it in less time.

　　Finally, using varying lenses on a camera could produce the effect of different shadow lengths on the ice. Since the camera could mount six different lenses that could show dissimilar images, the photographic evidence is unreliable. This contradicts the reading passage’s claim that his pictures showing the sun’s position and the length of shadows led the National Geographic Society to assert that Peary truly got himself to the North Pole.

　　WORD REMINDER

　　verify [`verɪ,faɪ] 证明 invalid [ɪn`vælɪd] 站不住脚的 in that 由于 fellow [`feloʊ] 同事 inspector [ɪn`spektər] 检查员 deliberately [dɪ`lɪb(ə)rətli] 慎重地 approve [ə`pruv] 批准 persuasive [pər`sweɪsɪv] 有说服力的 uphold [ʌp`hoʊld] 支持 corroborate [kə`rɑbə,reɪt] 证实 presence [`prezəns] 存在 expert [`ek,spɜrt] 专家 skeptical [`skeptɪkl] 怀疑的 varying [`veriɪŋ] 不同的 dissimilar [dɪ`sɪmɪlər] 不同的 unreliable [,ʌnrɪ`laɪəbl] 不可靠的

　　TIPS for SUCCESS

　　状语从句出现在主句前面时，从句和主句之间必须加逗号。

　　下面分析一下最后一段的第二句话。

　　Since the camera could mount six different lenses that could show dissimilar images, the photographic evidence is unreliable.

　　由于“Since…images”这个从句在主句的前面，应该加逗号后，再写“the…unreliable”。

　　状语从句出现在主句后面时，不需要加逗号。

　　下面分析一下第二段的句话。

　　First, Peary’s claim is invalid in that examiners at the National Geographic Society were his fellows.

　　主句“First, …invalid”和从句“in that…fellows”之间不加逗号。

　　INDEPENDENT TASK / Environment

　　Question Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Environmental issues can be solved or improved in the future. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. 你赞成还是反对如下命题?环境问题在未来是可以解决或改善的。请叙述具体的理由，并通过举例支持自己的观点。

　　NOTE-TAKING

　　AGREE

　　matter of concern for many companies 众多企业关注的问题

　　- inventions + improvements to filtering facilities 发明+改善过滤装置

　　ex corp’s in the past: didn’t take seriously 例)过去的企业：对此不以为然

　　→ now: install systems to reduce toxic waste 现在：安装减少有毒废弃物的装置

　　- develop a filtering system 开发过滤装置

　　green mvnt 环境运动

　　- more ppl are concerned about situation 更多的人们对此状况予以关注

　　ex recycling campaigns 例)废物回收活动

　　→ food waste: ground + dried → process → fertilizer 食物垃圾：粉碎→烘干→加工→肥料

　　INTRODUCTION

　　generalization: development of tech → many advantages + env’tal damage

　　总述：科学技术的发展→很多好处+环境破坏

　　attention →solutions + global responses

　　关注→解决办法+全球应对

　　thesis: agree (investment, attitudes toward env’tal concerns)

　　论点：赞成(投资，对于环境问题的态度)

　　DISAGREE

　　env’tal damage → faster than restoration 环境破坏→比恢复更快

　　ex trees: cut down 例)树木:伐木

　　new trees: shallow root structures 新的树木: 根系浅

　　→ susceptible to erosion → natural disasters 易受侵蚀→自然灾害

　　prob’s w/ the attitudes that some companies + individuals have 一部分企业+个人所持的态度

　　- profit-oriented objective → worsens the effect 以利润为导向→使结果恶化

　　ex corp’s: concerned about making revenue 例)企业:关注创造收益

　　→ meet the safety standards → no further improvement in filtering systems 达到安全标准→进一步改进净化装置X

　　INTRODUCTION

　　generalization: development of tech → many advantages + env’tal damage

　　总述：科学技术的发展→很多好处+环境破坏

　　attention →solutions + global responses

　　关注→解决办法+全球应对

　　thesis: disagree (pace of destruction, attitudes toward env’tal concerns)

　　论点：反对(破坏的速度，对于环境问题的态度)

　　SAMPLE ESSAY 1

　　AGREE

　　The development of technology has provided people with a lot of advantages; however, it has also caused tremendous environmental damage. As environmental concerns have provoked attention from many, there are numerous solutions and global responses that have been proposed or initiated already. Though some people contend that environmental damage is irreversible, I strongly believe that nature can be restored in the future. There are two reasons for this belief: Big corporations are investing a lot of money in the rehabilitation of the environment, and green campaigns have changed people’s thinking regarding our natural surroundings.

　　To begin with, environmental issues have become a major matter of concern for a number of companies. This fact has led them to come up with inventions and improvements in their filtering facilities. To illustrate, most corporations in the past did not take seriously the environmental effects, such as air pollution and noxious materials, produced during manufacturing in Korea, and the results were a lot of hazardous materials and severe destruction of nature. However, as the situation came to the notice of corporations, they started to install systems to reduce toxic waste and to develop filtering systems which will eventually be able to remove all pollutants from factory emissions.

　　In addition, the green movement has spread worldwide. Compared to the past, many more people are concerned about the environmental situation, which could have a direct effect on generations to come. For instance, almost everyone in Korea participates in recycling campaigns. Hence, people have become habituated to sorting plastics, aluminum cans, and cardboard into recycling bins. Furthermore, food waste is ground and dried and then goes through a special process with chemicals to turn it into fertilizer. These examples show that our environmental circumstances will gradually get better.

　　It is true that enormous effort and time will be required to restore the earth’s damaged environment, which is already causing rising sea levels, storms of increasing number and strength, and changes in the migration patterns of animals. On the other hand, there are many companies striving to improve their systems for filtering toxic materials. In addition, people are taking part in preservation campaigns and are trying to rehabilitate the environment for their descendants. For the above reasons, I firmly agree with the statement that environmental issues can be solved or improved in the future.

　　WORD REMINDER

　　tremendous [trə`mendəs] 巨大的 provoke [prə`voʊk] 引起 initiate [ɪ`nɪʃi,eɪt] 开始 irreversible [,ɪrɪ`vɜrsəbl] 不可逆转的 restore [rɪ`stɔr] 恢复 rehabilitation [ˌriːhəbɪlɪˈteɪʃən] 复原 filtering facilities 过滤装置 noxious [`nɑkʃəs] 有害的 install [ɪn`stɔl] 安装 emission [ɪ`mɪʃn] 排放 recycle [ri`saɪkl] 再利用 habituate [hə`bɪtʃu,eɪt] 使习惯于 sort [sɔrt] 分类 bin [bɪn] 箱柜 grind [graɪnd] 碾碎 fertilizer [`fɜrtl,aɪzər] 肥料 migration [maɪ`greɪʃn] 迁移 strive [straɪv] 努力 preservation [,prezər`veɪʃn] 保护 descendant [dɪ`sendənt] 子孙

　　TIPS for SUCCESS

　　不定代词 (Indefinite Pronoun)

　　大部分不定代词以any, every, some, 以及no等单词开头。它们泛指人或者事物,一部分不定代词指代单数, 一部分指代复数, 其他情况下既可以指单数也可以指复数。

　　指代单数的不定代词

　　another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either

　　everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither

　　nobody, no one,

　　nothing, one, other

　　somebody, someone, something

　　指代复数的不定代词

　　both, several

　　(a) few

　　many

　　others

　　指代单/复数的不定代词

　　all, any

　　more, most

　　none

　　some

　　RELATED TOPICS

　　1. Governments should pay more attention to environmental problems than to health problems. 比起保健问题，政府需要给予环境问题更多的关注。

　　AGREE

　　- env’tal damage → related to health prob’s 环境破坏→ 与健康问题相关

　　ex) disease from pollutants 例)污染物质导致的疾病

　　- change in ecosystem 生态系统改变

　　ex) global warming 例)全球变暖

　　DISAGREE

　　- health: directly related to humans 健康：与人类有直接的关系

　　- many corporations already invest a lot of money on green campaigns 已经有众多企业投入大量的资金用于环保运动

　　2. What governments can do to improve their health systems is to clean the environment. 为了改善保健体系，政府能做的就是治理环境。

　　AGREE

　　- sanitary: crucial in preventing diseases from spread 卫生：在预防疾病的传播上十分重要

　　- affects individuals to keep clean: habituation 影响个人的卫生习惯：习惯化

　　DISAGREE

　　- need more investment in medical research 医学研究需要更多的投资

　　- other factors to improve health systems 改善保健体系有其他方式

　　ex) physical exercise, diet 例)运动，饮食

　　3. Environmental issues are so complex that individuals cannot do anything about them. 环境问题十分复杂，个人无能为力。

　　AGREE

　　- gvnt: sizable research + campaigns → greater effect 政府：大规模研究+宣传活动→ 更大的效果

　　- can take corresponding measures 可以采取相应措施

　　DISAGREE

　　- individual’s effort: builds up → national mvnt 个人的努力：累积→ 全国性运动

　　- daily routine that requires an individual’s participation 需要个人参与的日常行为

　　ex) recycling, taking public transportation instead of driving a car 例)循环利用，乘坐公共交通，不开私家车

　　4. Many people try to preserve the environment now; nevertheless, it is impossible to improve the future with the present status. 很多人为了保护环境而努力;尽管如此，以现在的状况来看，未来很难有任何改善。

　　AGREE

　　- too much destruction 破坏严重

　　ex) Japan 例)日本

　　- ongoing development + urbanization 持续的开发+城市化

　　DISAGREE

　　- technological improvement 科学技术的发展

　　- re-growth of organisms 生物的再生长

　　ex) trees 例)树

　　Listening Scripts & Translations

　　READING

　　20世纪初，许多探险家竞相挑战北极探险。随后一些探险家就声称自己已经到达了目的地，这就使“谁先到达那里”的问题有了争议。其中，美国人罗伯特·彼利于1909年4月9日经由陆上线路到达北极的故事是最为可信的，因为他的说法有种种证据支持。

　　当彼利从北极之旅归来后，他得知另一位探险者弗莱德里克·库克宣称一年前也到达了北极。彼利将证据提交给了一个非常权威的组织——国家地理学会。该学会在仔细检查他的记录之后，得出结论：彼利到达过北极而库克没有。

　　在报告中，彼利指出他从最后一个营地到达北极大概花了37天。许多北极学者认为，鉴于彼利在长途跋涉中遭受的残酷环境，这个速度有点太快了。然而，2005年，另一位探险者汤姆·艾弗里重走了彼利的路线。他的团队使用了1909年狗拉雪橇的复制品，并尽可能地复制了彼利所遭遇的情形。艾弗里的团队也花了将近37天到达北极，这就证明了彼利的声明是可信的。

　　彼利本身就是一名熟练的领航员，在旅行的过程中，他饱览各种景象，因此当他到达北极时，他就可以意识到这一点。在北极的时候，他也拍了一些照片。通过检查拍照当天太阳的位置和冰上影子的长度，国家地理学会的专家认定，彼利拍照的时候确实是在北极。

　　LISTENING

　　M Professor: According to your textbook, American Robert E. Peary was the first man to reach the North Pole. However, many historians, including myself, disagree and don’t believe that Peary made it there. In fact, the evidence shows that Peary’s claim is shaky at best.

　　Peary and Frederick Cook, another adventurer, both said they had reached the North Pole. The National Geographic Society examined the evidence and supported Peary’s claim. Case closed, right? Well . . . not exactly. The society wasn’t filled with impartial observers since Peary was friends with the people examining his records. He was also a big donor to the society. Furthermore, the society took only two days to examine the evidence, which Peary himself admitted was, uh, problematic.

　　You’re probably wondering what evidence Peary submitted, right? First, there were his navigation records. Keep in mind, however, that Peary was the lone member of his team schooled in navigation, so no one on site could confirm his figures. Second, his trip to the North Pole only took thirty-seven days. That’s simply too short. Now I’m aware that Tom Avery duplicated this feat in 2005, but his experiment was flawed. After all, the weather conditions were much different. And the weights of the sled loads may have differed, too. It simply wasn’t an accurate test.

　　I’m also aware that Peary claimed to have taken some photos at the North Pole. However, Peary’s camera was manufactured to fit six different lenses. Depending on which lens Peary used, the lengths of the shadows would have varied. Since we don’t know what lens his camera had, we can’t trust the photographic evidence. It may have appeared he was at the North Pole when he really wasn’t. As for me, I believe that Peary was near the North Pole yet never actually got there.

　　M 教授：

　　你们的课本上指出美国人罗伯特·彼利是到达北极地区的人。然而，包括我在内的许多历史学家都不认同此点。事实上，支持这一观点的证据也并不可信。

　　彼利和另一位探险家弗莱德里克·库克都声称自己抵达了北极。国家地理学会分析证据后选择支持彼利。这就盖棺定案了吗?并非完全如此。国家地理学会里并不都是公正的观察员，因为检查彼利记录的人正是他的朋友。他同时也是该学会的主要资助人。此外，国家地理学会只花了两天审查所有证据，关于这点即使彼利本人也承认是有问题的。

　　你们一定好奇彼利上交的证据是什么，对吗?首先是他的导航记录。但请注意，彼利是他的团队中受过导航培训的人，所以现场并没有人能够确认他的数据。其次，他的北极之行只花了37天。这也未免太短了。我知道汤姆·艾弗里在2005年重现了这一壮举，可是他的实验存在着瑕疵。毕竟二者的天气情况完全不同，雪橇的负重也可能不同。这只是一次不准确的测试。

　　我也知道彼利说自己拍了一些北极的照片。可是彼利的相机能够装6种不同的镜头，根据他使用镜头的不同，影子的长度也会有所差异。因为我们不知道他的相机当时使用了哪种镜头，我们也不能信任这些图片证据。可能他以为自己到了北极，但其实并非如此。我个人认为彼利只到了北极附近，但并没有真正抵达那里。

　　SAMPLE ESSAY

　　教授论证许多学者并不确信罗伯特·彼利是个成功到达北极的人。这就直接驳斥了阅读文章中的论断，即有多种证据可以证明罗伯特·彼利是到达北极的人。

　　首先，彼利的声明是无效的，因为国家地理学会的检查员是他的朋友。而且，他为该学会捐过很多次款。因此这些检查员仅仅在两天之内就审核通过了他的记录，并断定彼利是位北极探险者。这与阅读文章的论证不符，即该学会慎重检查了彼利的记录后才认可了他的声明。

　　其次，教授声称彼利的导航记录没有说服力，不足以支持他的论据。因为他是远航队中精通导航技术的成员，现场没有人能证实他的数据。而且，不同的天气情况和雪橇的负重都使得艾弗里的旅程与彼利的不可能完全一样。这就质疑了阅读文章中的论据，即专家们一直怀疑彼利只用37天就结束了行程，直到艾弗里用更少的时间重复了这一旅程。

　　最后，照相机上装不同的镜头可以产生冰上阴影长度不同的效果。因为摄像机可以安装6个不同的镜头以显示不同的图像，所以图片证据不可信。这就驳斥了阅读文章中的论据，即图片所显示的太阳位置和影子的长度使得国家地理学会断定彼利真正到达了北极。

　　INDEPENDENT TASK / Environment

　　SAMPLE ESSAY 1

　　科技的发展为人们提供了许多便利，然而也带来了巨大的环境危害。随着环境问题引起越来越多的关注，人们已经提出了很多解决方案，并做出了应对计划。虽然一些人声称环境损害是不可逆的，但我依然坚信未来大自然是可以被恢复的。对此，我有两点理由：大公司正在为修复环境投入大笔资金;环保运动已经改变了人们对自然环境的看法。

　　首先，环境问题已经成为许多公司关注的大问题，这种关注促使他们发明和改进过滤设施。比如说，大多数公司过去都不把环境效应当作一回事。韩国企业在生产制造过程中产生了空气污染和有毒物质，这造成了有害物质的堆积和严重的自然破坏。然而，这种情况引起了公司的注意，他们开始安装减少有毒废物的系统并开发过滤系统，这最终可以处理掉工厂排放的所有污染物。

　　此外，环保运动已经在全世界范围内开展。与过去相比，有更多的人关注环境状况，这会对下一代产生直接的影响。比如说，在韩国，几乎每个人都参与了回收利用的活动。因此，人们已经习惯了将塑料、铝罐和硬纸板分类放进回收容器中。此外，食品垃圾被磨碎、干燥，随后通过一个特殊的化学处理过程变为肥料。这些例子向我们证明环境将会逐渐变好。

　　诚然，重建已经被破坏的环境需要付出很多努力和时间，尤其是这种破坏已经导致了海平面上升，风暴的数量和强度的不断上升以及动物迁移模式的改变。但在另一方面，有许多公司正致力于改进有毒物质的过滤系统。此外，人们正在参加环保运动，致力于为子孙后代修复环境。鉴于以上原因，我深信将来可以解决并改善环境问题。

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