托福阅读题材：生态学

　　托福阅读背景材料：生态学。托福阅读考试的文章体裁相对比较单一：说明文。所以，大家可以对这种题材的文章多加注意并积累，突破阅读不是问题。

　　1. 人：学术阅读中最常出现的就是各种科学家，以ist和er结尾居多。

　　例如：anthropologist，archaeologist，paleontologist，zoologist，geographer，astronomer

　　(人类学家，考古学家，古生物学家，动物学家，地理学家，天文学家)

　　这类的词汇大家无需记住拼写，只要在阅读中出现可以辨认就足以。在面对未知的专有名词时，至少要判断他们存在于那个学科，才好进行下一步的推理。

　　2. 地质、地貌：这类文章在托福学术阅读中比重很大。建议大家对常用词汇进行积累。

　　例如：volcano，layer，conglomerate，karst，porous，permeable，meteorolite，asteroid

　　火山，(地)层，砾岩，喀斯特地貌(石灰岩的一种地形)，多孔的(有透气性与透水性)，可渗透的，陨石，小行星

　　3. 气候、动物与生态：与生物和地球有关的话题是托福永远的宠儿。

　　例如：unpredictable，vary，range from，extinction，endangered，tropical，jungle，equatorial

　　不可预测的，改变(动词)，变化幅度(动词)，灭绝，濒危的，热带的，丛林，赤道附近的

　　4. 历史、考古，这类题材是分水轮流转的对象，也要加以注意。

　　尤其是历史文章的考法不是单纯的讲古，而是从各个层面切入，有很多的表现形式。可能是古人类的迁徙，那就是人类历史。贸易和交通运输的发展，那就是经济史，等等。

　　例如，relics，remains，mausoleum，handicraft，cohesiveness，territorial，civilization

　　遗迹，遗迹或残骸，陵墓，手工艺品，凝聚性，领土的，文明

　　相关词汇：

　　1. formation 形成，构成

　　This dispute led to the formation of a new breakaway group.

　　2. tropical 热带的，炎热的

　　Tropical rainforests have the most varied assemblage of plants in the world.

　　3. savannas 亚热带大草原

　　It could be a savanna blazing star, but any savannas here, so it couldn't be that.

　　4. altitude 海拔高度，维度

　　What is the altitude of the top of the mountain?

　　5. stable 稳定的，持久的

　　The prices of the commodities are quite stable this year.

　　6. ecosystem 生态系统

　　We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem.

　　7. grassland 草原，牧场，草地

　　Animal husbandry on the grassland is developing rapidly.

　　8. scatter 散布，分散

　　Scatter the grass seed over the lawn.

　　9. shrub 灌木

　　This is the Asiatic ornamental shrub with spiny branches and pink or red blossoms.

　　10. species 物种，种类

　　the evolution of the human species.

　　11. withstand 经受，承受

　　The materials used have to be able to withstand high temperatures.

　　12. plenty 丰富的，大量的，充足的

　　Though plenty of rain may fall on a savanna during the year, for at least part of the year little does, creating the drought stress ultimately favoring grasses.

　　13. prevail 流行，盛行

　　Such conditions prevail throughout much of northern South America and Cuba.

　　14. coastal 临海的，海岸的，沿海的

　　Of course, no country has the privilege of fishing in our coastal water.

　　15. definition 定义，界定

　　In these areas, rainfall per month exceeds that in the above definition, so other factors must contribute to savanna formation.

　　16. acidity 酸性，酸度

　　Acidity in soil can be neutralized by spreading lime on it.

　　17. waterlogged 水浸的，水淹的

　　The baseball field was waterlogged so the match had to be cancelled.

　　18. contradictory 矛盾的，对立的，反驳的

　　This may seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas.

　　19. moderate 稳健的，温和的，适度的

　　More moderate conditions support moist forests.

　　20. drainage 排水，放水，排水系统

　　Waterlogged soils occur in areas that are flat or have poor drainage

　　21. water-saturated 水饱和的

　　These soils usually contain large amounts of clay and easily become water-saturated.

　　22. porous 能渗透的，多孔的

　　Dry soils are sandy and porous.

　　23. penetrate 渗入，穿透

　　The sun's rays can penetrate water up to 10 feet.

　　24. mild 温和的，温暖的

　　Most savannas probably experience mild fires frequently and major burns every two years or so.

　　25. diversity 多样化，多样性

　　Social anthropology is centrally concerned with the diversity of culture.

　　26. charcoal 木炭

　　Ancient charcoal remains from Amazon forest soils dating prior to the arrival of humans suggest that moist forests also occasionally burn.

　　27. perennial 终年的，长久的，不断生长的

　　A few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate.

　　28. density 密度，浓度

　　Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness, often with an increase in tree density.

　　29. pastureland 牧场，草地

　　On certain sites, particularly in South America, savanna formation seems related to frequent cutting and burning of moist forests for pastureland.

　　30. overgraze 过度放牧

　　Increase in pastureland and subsequent overgrazing have resulted in an expansion of savanna.

　　31. decomposition 分解，腐烂

　　Humus is necessary for rapid decomposition of leaves by bacteria and fungi and for recycling by surface roots.

　　32. vegetation 植物，植被

　　Once the humus layer disappears, nutrients cannot be recycled and leach from the soil, converting soil from fertile to infertile and making it suitable only for savannavegetation.

　　33. susceptible 易受影响的，易受感染的

　　alteration 变化，改变，变更

　　Forests on white, sandy soil are most susceptible to permanent alteration.

　　以上就是给大家整理的托福阅读题材：生态学，更多托福资讯欢迎访问青岛新航道托福频道。

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